Yugoslavia is a federal republic comprising six socialist republics (see Table 1). In accordance with the existing constitution, promulgated on Feb. 21, 1974, all power in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) belongs to the working class, allied with all urban and rural working people. The League of Communists of Yugoslavia is the leading ideological and political force of the working class and all working people. The foundations of the country’s socioeconomic system are freely associated labor, social ownership of the means of production, and self-management by the working people.
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The constitution proclaims the fraternity and unity of Yugoslavia’s nations and nationalities and the equality of its citizens, regardless of nationality, race, language, creed, education, or social status. It specifies the rights, liberties, and duties of individuals and citizens, guarantees the sovereignty, equality, and national freedom of all the nations and nationalities living in the SFRY, and establishes the equality of the languages and writing systems of the country’s peoples and the free development of their cultures.
Yugoslavia To English Dictionary
Administrative divisions of Yugoslavia Socialist republics and provinces Area (sq km) Population (June 30, 1976) Capital Bosnia-Hercegovina. 51,129 4,021,000 Sarajevo Macedonia. 25,713 1,797,000 Skopje Serbia.
88,361 8,843,000 Belgrade Autonomous Provinceof Vojvodina. 21,506 1,989,000 Novi Sad Autonomous Provinceof Kosovo.
10,887 1,429,000 Priština Slovenia. 20,251 1,782,000 Ljubljana Croatia. 56,538 4,514,000 Zagreb Montenegro.
13,812 563,000 Titograd Under the SFRY constitution, the federation guarantees through its federal bodies the independence and territorial integrity of Yugoslavia, defends the country’s sovereignty in international relations, and ensures the system of socialist self-management in socioeconomic relations and the unified foundations of the political system. The federation regulates the basic relations that guarantee the unity of the Yugoslav market and monetary and credit system, maintains relations with other states, and ensures the country’s defense and the protection of the state’s security. Functions that the constitution does not delegate to the federation come under the jurisdiction of the socialist republics and the socialist autonomous provinces. Each constituent socialist republic and socialist autonomous province has its own constitution, legislation, and higher governing bodies, as well as its representatives in all the main federal organs.
The organ of social self-management and the highest organ of power is the SFRY Assembly (Skupstina), which adopts resolutions amending the country’s constitution, lays down the principles of the country’s domestic and foreign policy, adopts federal laws, and forms the federation’s other higher bodies. The Assembly, whose members are elected for four-year terms, consists of two houses: the Federal Chamber, which has 220 delegates elected by the commune assemblies (30 from each republic and 20 from each autonomous province), and the Chamber of Republics and Provinces, which has 88 delegates (12 from each republican assembly and eight from each provincial assembly). Some of the Assembly’s powers are exercised by the two chambers acting jointly, for example, the election of the Assembly’s president and vice-presidents and of the president and members of the Federal Executive Council. Other powers are exercised by one of the chambers: the Federal Chamber, for example, adopts resolutions concerning amendments to the constitution, approves the federation’s budget, establishes the principles of organizing federal bodies, and decides on questions of war and peace; the Chamber of Republics and Provinces, acting in agreement with the republican and provincial assemblies, adopts Yugoslavia’s social plan and determines the overall expenditures of the federation’s budget. The head of state is the president of Yugoslavia. In accordance with Article 333 of the constitution and in recognition of J.
Broz Tito’s historical role, the SFRY Assembly in May 1974 elected him president of the republic for an unlimited term of office. The president represents the SFRY at home and abroad, heads the Presidium of the SFRY and the National Defense Council, and is the supreme commander in chief of Yugoslavia’s armed forces. The Presidium of the SFRY is composed of one member from each republic and autonomous province and—ex officio-the chairman of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. The members of the Presidium are elected for terms of five years by the assemblies of the republics and the autonomous provinces. The Presidium represents the SFRY at home and abroad, considers questions of foreign and domestic policy, protects state security, ensures national defense, and directs and commands Yugoslavia’s armed forces in time of war and peace.
The government of the SFRY—the Federal Executive Council—includes the council president and members, elected by the SFRY Assembly for four-year terms, and federal secretaries and other heads of federal administrative bodies. The composition of the Federal Executive Council is regulated by the principle of equal representation of the republics and appropriate representation of the autonomous provinces. The council ensures that the policies set by the SFRY Assembly are implemented in all spheres of the country’s life, ratifies the draft of the social plan and the federation’s draft budget, and coordinates and directs the work of federal administrative bodies. The organs of social self-management and the higher organs of power in the socialist republics, socialist autonomous provinces, and communes are tricameral assemblies that elect their own executive bodies (executive councils) and form various administrative bodies, such as secretariats and committees. Yugoslavia’s judicial system includes the Federal Court, whose members are elected by the SFRY Assembly, republican and provincial supreme courts, regular courts, military courts, and self-management courts, including courts of associated labor and arbitration courts.
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The federal public prosecutor is appointed by the SFRY Assembly. Acting within the framework of the rights and duties of the federation in cases established by law, he may issue mandatory directives to the republican and provincial procurators. The Constitutional Court of Yugoslavia, whose judges are elected by the SFRY Assembly for eight-year terms, decides on the conformity of laws and other general acts to the SFRY constitution, settles disputes over rights and duties between the federation and the republics and autonomous provinces, and resolves conflicts arising from the jurisdiction of federal, republic, and provincial bodies. Constitutional courts have also been created in the socialist republics and socialist autonomous provinces. In accordance with the SFRY constitution special bodies have been established at all levels for the social protection of the working people’s right to self-management and social property.
A federal social attorney of self-management is appointed and dismissed by the SFRY Assembly. Yugoslavia is a multinational country inhabited by 8.1 million Serbs (1971 census data here and below), who make up 39.7 percent of the entire population; 4.5 million Croats, constituting about 22 percent of the population; 1.7 million Slovenes; 1.7 million ethnic Muslims; 1.2 million Macedonians; and 500,000 Montenegrins. All these peoples essentially reside in their national republics, although a considerable number of Serbs and Croats also live in Bosnia and Hercegovina. The Serbs, Croats, Muslims, and Montenegrins speak dialects of Serbo-Croatian; the Slovenes and Macedonians have their own spoken and literary languages.
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Translate Yugoslavian To English
With respect to religion, Serbian, Macedonian, and Montenegrin believers are Orthodox; the Croats and Slovenes are Roman Catholics; and Muslims are found chiefly among the inhabitants of Bosnia and Hercegovina. The population also includes 1.3 million Albanians (Kosovo), 480,000 Hungarians (Vojvodina), 130,000 Turks, 84,000 Slovaks, 78,000 Gypsies, 60,000 Rumanians, and other nationalities. World War II took a heavy toll of the country’s population, direct losses alone running as high as 1.7 million persons. Since the war the population has grown rapidly, increasing from 15.8 million persons in 1948 to 21.9 million in 1977.
Between the censuses of 1961 and 1971 population growth through natural increase averaged 200,000 persons a year. In 1977 the number of Yugoslav citizens working abroad exceeded 800,000 persons. At the time of the 1971 census the country’s economically active population totaled 8,890,000 persons (43.3 percent of the total population), of whom 44.6 percent worked in agriculture, lumbering, or fishing and 27 percent in industry, construction, or crafts. The average population density is 84 persons per sq km, rising to 100–200 persons per sq km in some industrial regions and in the fertile plains and dropping to 25–30 persons per sq km in the mountainous karst regions of the Dinaric Alps. According to official data urban dwellers constituted 39 percent of the population in 1971, compared to 13 percent before the war. Significant internal migration has led to the rapid growth of the larger cities.